Probiotic effect of Pichia pastoris X-33 produced in parboiled rice effluent and YPD medium on broiler chickens.

In a previous paper we showed that the yeast Pichia pastoris X-33 grown in parboiled rice effluent supplemented with glycerol byproduct from the biodiesel industry improved the quality of the effluent. In this paper we show the validation of this yeast (PPE) as probiotic for broilers. Its effect on feed efficiency and immunomodulation was compared with the same yeast grown in yeast peptone dextrose medium (PPY), with Saccharomyces boulardii (SBY) and with the controls fed unsupplemented feed (CON). One-day-old female chicks were vaccinated against infectious bursal disease (IBD) and the titers of anti-IBD antibodies were measured by ELISA. PPE group had the highest mean titres on days 14 and 28 (p<0,05), and at 28 days, 64% of the animals showed seroconvertion. The PPE group also showed the best weight gains at 42 days of age, that, on days 7, 14 and 21 were 19%, 15%, and 8.7% higher, respectively, than the control group. The best feed conversion, 8.2% higher than the control group, was obtained by PPY at 42 days. Histopathological studies did not detect any undesirable effects in the supplemented animals. We concluded that Pichia pastoris X-33 when grown in effluents of the rice parboiling industry supplemented with glycerol byproduct from the biodiesel has probiotic properties for poultry.

Evaluation in broilers of the probiotic properties of Pichia pastoris and a recombinant P. pastoris containing the Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene.

The probiotic properties of Pichia pastoris and of a recombinant P. pastoris containing the Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene were evaluated in broilers. One-day-old chicks randomly divided in four groups were fed with commercial feed devoid of antibacterials. The control group (1) received plain food, while the other groups were supplemented with either P. pastoris (2), the recombinant P. pastoris (3) or Bacillus cereus var. Toyoi (4). At day 49, live weights, feed efficiency and seroconversions were higher (P<0.05) in the supplemented groups than in the control groups. Group 3 showed the best results, while group 2 had lower weight gain than groups 3 and 4 although food conversion was better than in group 4. Seroconversions were not different (P>0.05) among the supplemented groups. Adverse reactions were not observed in histopathologic evaluation. We concluded that P. pastoris and the recombinant P. pastoris could be used as probiotics in broilers.

Enterite necrótica aviária: [revisão] / Avian necrotic enteritis: [review]

A Enterite Necrótica Aviária (ENA) é uma enterotoxemia aguda que aparece subitamente e provoca morte rápida, afetando principalmente animais jovens. Embora seu impacto negativo na produção, devido ao aumento da conversão alimentar e da condenação de carcaças seja já conhecido, questões relacionadas à etiologia, à patogenia e ao controle desta importante enfermidade necessitam de maiores esclarecimentos. Nos últimos anos, o controle da ENA baseou-se na aplicação de antibióticos na ração animal, prática banida pelo mercado consumidor, que exigiu o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de controle. Esta revisão aborda informações sobre a etiologia, a epizootiologia, a patogenia, o diagnóstico e o controle da doença, em especial a utilização de probióticos e vacinas como alternativas de controle da ENA.

Avian Necrotic Enteritis is an acute enterotoxaemia that appears suddenly producing rapid deaths, affecting mainly young animals. Although its negative impact in poultry production is already known, factors related to etiology, pathogenesis and control of this important disease need better clarifications. For a long time its control was based on the use of antibiotics in poultry feed, whose the use was banned by several consumer markets, requiring the development of new control strategies. Informations on the etiology, epizootiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and control are reviewed, emphasizing the role of probiotics and vaccines as control alternatives.

Influência da qualidade da casca do ovo sobre índices de produtividade de um incubatório industrial / Influence of the eggshell quality on an industrial hatchery productivity indices

Visando a melhorar a produtividade, muitas empresas do mercado avícola incubam a maioria dos ovos produzidos nas granjas, incluindo aqueles com problemas de casca. Para avaliar as conseqüências dessa prática, foram estudados os índices de produtividade de 6992 ovos das linhagens Ross e Cobb, agrupados em cinco categorias, segundo a integridade e a qualidade da casca e o local de postura: controle, trincados, deformados, trincados lavados e deformados lavados. Determinaram-se índices de fertilidade, eclodibilidade, mortalidade embrionária e contaminação. Os índices de eclodibilidade dos ovos deformados foram menores que os trincados e controle (P<0,001), seguidos dos trincados, também menores que os controles (P<0,001). Não houve efeito do lavado dentro dos grupos (P>0,05). O maior índice de contaminação e de mortalidade embrionária foi nos ovos deformados (24,3 por cento e 45,4 por cento) e deformados lavados (36,1 por cento e 34,0 por cento). Os resultados sugerem que se deve dar preferência ao descarte de ovos deformados, independentemente do lavado e do local de postura quando se procura aumento da eficiência em incubatórios industriais.

To increase productivity rates, many industries of the poultry market hatch most of the eggs produced in the farm, including those with damaged shells. Aiming at evaluating the implications of this practice in the productivity of industrial hatcheries, fertility, eclosion, mortality and contamination rates of 6992 eggs from the Ross and Cobb breeds, were studied. The eggs were allocated in five groups: control, crashed, deformed, washed crashed and washed deformed. Eclosion rates were lower in deformed eggs than in crashed and control eggs (P<0.001), followed by crashed eggs, that were also lower than controls (P<0.001). Washing had no effect within the groups (P>0.05). Contamination and mortality rates increased in deformed (24.3 percent and 45.4 percent) and washed deformed eggs (36.1 percent and 34.0 percent). The results suggest that deformed eggs should be preferentially eliminated from hatching.

Probióticos em avicultura / Probiotics in aviculture

Durante os últimos anos, o incremento de toxinfecções alimentares em humanos pela ingestão de produtos avícolas contaminados com bactérias, sugeriu que produtos oriundos de aves portadoras dessas bactérias podem veiculá-las ao consumidor, provocando doenças entéricas em humanos. Essas observações e a restrição, por parte do mercado consumidor, ao uso de antimicrobianos na produção animal, aumentaram o interesse mundial pelos probióticos e, conseqüentemente, o número de pesquisas realizadas. Esta revisão mostra os avanços e a situação em que se encontram os probióticos em relação à indústria avícola.